@font-face {
  font-family: "DM Mono";
  src: url("fonts/dm-mono-light.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 300;
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: "DM Mono";
  src: url("fonts/dm-mono-regular.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: "DM Mono";
  src: url("fonts/dm-mono-medium.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: "Yi Reading Serif";
  src: url("fonts/reading-serif-roman.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 200 900;
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: "Yi Reading Serif";
  src: url("fonts/reading-serif-italic.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 200 900;
  font-display: swap;
}
@font-face {
  font-family: "Yi Reading Song";
  src: url("fonts/reading-song-sc.woff2?v=languages-1") format("woff2");
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 250 900;
  font-display: swap;
}
:root {
  --paper: #fcf8f5;
  --ink: #191817;
  --muted: #68645f;
  --rule: #ccc5be;
  --serif: "Yi Reading Serif", "Yi Reading Song", "Songti SC", serif;
  --mono: "DM Mono", "Yi Reading Song", monospace;
  --ui: "DM Mono", "Yi Reading Song", sans-serif;
  --header-height: 110px;
}
* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
html {
  scroll-padding-top: calc(var(--header-height) + 18px);
}
body {
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-optical-sizing: auto;
  font-synthesis: none;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
figure,
h1,
h2,
h3,
p,
blockquote {
  margin: 0;
}
a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-underline-offset: 5px;
}
a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
a,
button {
  -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
}
a:focus-visible,
button:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--ink);
  outline-offset: 5px;
}
::selection {
  background: #e4d78f;
}
img {
  display: block;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}
article,
section {
  min-width: 0;
}
p,
a {
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
}
.skip-link {
  position: fixed;
  top: -100px;
  left: 16px;
  z-index: 100;
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
  padding: 12px 16px;
}
.skip-link:focus {
  top: 12px;
}
.site-header {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 40;
  background: var(--paper);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.masthead {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 24px;
  padding: 8px 20px;
  min-height: 66px;
  transition:
    min-height 0.15s,
    padding 0.15s;
}
.wordmark {
  display: block;
  flex: 0 1 144px;
  min-width: 0;
}
.wordmark:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}
.studio-logo {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  /* Let the approved white-backed artwork take on the page's paper colour. */
  mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}
.menu-toggle {
  appearance: none;
  border: 0;
  padding: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  background: transparent;
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  width: 44px;
  height: 44px;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  cursor: pointer;
}
/* Small, shared vector primitives stay consistent at any display scale. */
.icon-definitions { position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; }
.icon {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1.15em;
  height: 1.15em;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  fill: none;
  stroke: currentColor;
  stroke-width: 1.5;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
  vertical-align: -0.16em;
}
.menu-icon { width: 34px; height: 34px; stroke-linecap: square; }
.header-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex-shrink: 0; }
.language-toggle {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 6px;
  min-width: 44px;
  min-height: 44px;
  padding: 4px;
  border: 0;
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--ink);
  font: 300 .875rem/1 var(--ui);
  cursor: pointer;
}
.language-toggle .icon { width: 18px; height: 18px; }
.language-toggle:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 4px; }
html.menu-is-open,
html.menu-is-open body {
  overflow: hidden;
}
.reading-menu {
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: none;
  height: 100vh;
  height: 100dvh;
  max-height: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper);
  overflow: hidden;
}
.reading-menu[open] {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
.reading-menu::backdrop {
  background: rgb(25 24 23 / 12%);
}
.menu-header {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.menu-header .masthead {
  min-height: var(--menu-masthead-height, 68px);
  padding-block: 8px;
}
.menu-index {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 8px 20px;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
  background: var(--ink);
  font: 0.8125rem var(--mono);
}
.menu-scroll {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex: 1;
  min-height: 0;
  overflow-y: auto;
  overscroll-behavior: contain;
  padding: 20px 28px max(28px, env(safe-area-inset-bottom));
}
.menu-primary,
.menu-secondary {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-end;
}
.menu-primary a {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  min-height: 54px;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
}
.menu-primary a[aria-current]::before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 16px;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--ink);
  margin-right: 14px;
}
.menu-primary a:hover {
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
}
.menu-secondary {
  margin-top: 22px;
}
.menu-secondary a {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 12px;
  min-height: 44px;
  font:
    0.875rem var(--mono);
}
.menu-social {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-top: 24px;
}
.menu-social a,
.menu-social button {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 44px;
  height: 44px;
  padding: 0;
  border: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  background: transparent;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.menu-social .icon { width: 28px; height: 28px; }
.menu-social a:hover,
.menu-social button:hover { opacity: .6; }
.wechat-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] { box-shadow: inset 0 -1px currentColor; }
.menu-wechat {
  align-self: flex-end;
  width: 208px;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin-top: 16px;
  padding: 12px;
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
  background: #fff;
}
.menu-wechat img { width: 100%; height: auto; }
.menu-wechat figcaption {
  margin-top: 8px;
  font: 300 .75rem/1.5 var(--ui);
  text-align: center;
}
.menu-pick {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 52px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 355px;
}
.menu-pick-label {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.menu-pick-label span {
  font-family: var(--mono);
}
.menu-pick h2 {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
  margin: 15px 0 12px;
}
.menu-pick > p:not(.menu-pick-label) {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
}
.menu-pick > a {
  gap: 16px;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-top: 12px;
}
.issue-bar {
  display: flex;
  align-items: stretch;
  justify-content: space-between;
  min-height: 44px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.issue-number {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 5px;
  padding-left: 20px;
  font: 0.75rem var(--mono);
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.issue-number > .issue-date {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.issue-nav {
  display: flex;
  align-items: stretch;
}
.issue-nav a {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  min-width: 75px;
  min-height: 44px;
  padding: 8px 14px;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--ink);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}
.issue-nav a:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
  background: #eee8e1;
}
.issue-nav a[aria-current] {
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
}
.site-header.is-scrolled .masthead {
  min-height: 58px;
  padding-block: 8px;
}
.reading-column {
  width: calc(100% - 40px);
  max-width: 660px;
  margin-inline: auto;
}
.lead-story {
  max-width: 1080px;
  margin-inline: auto;
}
.cover-figure > img {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 2560/1343;
  object-fit: contain;
  background: #e4e4e0;
}
.cover-figure > figcaption {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 10px;
  padding: 9px 20px 0;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.6;
}
.lead-text {
  padding-top: 30px;
}
.eyebrow {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 20px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  font-family: var(--mono);
  line-height: 1.7;
  letter-spacing: 0.025em;
}
.eyebrow > time {
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.underlined-label {
  padding-bottom: 3px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
h1 {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 2.25rem;
  line-height: 1.22;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: -0.03em;
  margin: 20px 0 13px;
  text-wrap: balance;
}
.article-meta {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 20px;
  border-block: 1px solid var(--ink);
  padding: 12px 0;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  line-height: 1.65;
}
.article-meta strong {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-weight: 500;
  margin-left: 5px;
}
.article-meta time {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.standfirst {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.5625rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  font-weight: 500;
  margin: 26px 0 24px;
  text-wrap: pretty;
}
.intro-label {
  font: 0.75rem/1.6 var(--ui);
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}
.article-body {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  line-height: 1.95;
  letter-spacing: 0.005em;
}
.article-body p + p {
  margin-top: 21px;
}
.story-end {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 18px;
  margin-top: 25px;
}
.meta {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.story-end > .meta {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.015em;
}
.text-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 13px;
  min-height: 44px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
.text-link:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.text-link > span:last-child {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
}
.reading-bridge {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 30px;
  padding: 18px 0;
  border-block: 1px solid var(--rule);
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
}
.reading-bridge > span:first-child {
  display: block;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.reading-bridge > span:last-child {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
}
.section {
  margin-top: 44px;
}
.section-heading {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 96px minmax(0, 1fr);
  align-items: center;
  gap: 20px;
  padding: 15px 0;
  border-top: 2px solid var(--ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.section-heading h2 {
  font:
    700 1.875rem/1.2 var(--serif);
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}
.section-label {
  min-width: 0;
}
.section-emblem {
  display: block;
  width: 96px;
  height: 80px;
  overflow: hidden;
  mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}
.news-item {
  padding: 24px 0 25px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
h3 {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.5625rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.48;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  margin: 16px 0 12px;
  text-wrap: pretty;
}
h3 a:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
  opacity: 0.7;
}
.inline-arrow {
  font-family: var(--ui);
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.original-title {
  font:
    italic 1rem/1.6 var(--serif);
  color: var(--muted);
  max-width: 100%;
}
.item-footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 14px;
  margin-top: 19px;
}
.small-link {
  font-size: 0.8125rem;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  min-height: 44px;
  gap: 8px;
  max-width: 100%;
}
.chart-story {
  margin-top: 26px;
  padding: 20px 18px 24px;
  background: #f0ebe5;
  border-block: 1px solid var(--rule);
}
.chart-story h3 {
  font-size: 1.625rem;
  margin-top: 18px;
}
.energy-figure {
  margin-top: 25px;
}
.energy-figure > figcaption {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 15px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  padding-bottom: 13px;
}
.energy-figure > figcaption > span {
  font-family: var(--mono);
}
.chart-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(64px, 5.5rem) 1fr;
  gap: 8px;
  align-items: center;
  margin-top: 17px;
}
.chart-label {
  font:
    0.9375rem var(--serif);
}
.chart-label > span {
  display: block;
  font: 0.75rem/1.8 var(--ui);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 300;
}
.chart-track {
  min-width: 0;
}
.chart-bar {
  width: var(--value);
  min-width: 44px;
  height: 42px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  padding-right: 8px;
  font:
    1.25rem var(--serif);
  border: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.chart-bar.actual {
  background: var(--ink);
  color: var(--paper);
}
.chart-bar.projected {
  background: #e8d886;
  border-style: dashed;
}
.chart-note {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.9;
  margin-top: 22px;
}
.source-note {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: 12px;
}
.source-note a {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.section-more {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  min-height: 56px;
  margin-top: 18px;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
.research-note {
  padding-top: 25px;
}
.research-note h3 {
  font-size: 1.75rem;
  margin-bottom: 23px;
}
.tags {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 17px;
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 23px 0 18px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.tags li::before {
  content: "#";
  margin-right: 5px;
}
.file-type {
  font: 0.75rem var(--mono);
  color: var(--muted);
}
.journal-note {
  margin-top: 34px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--rule);
  padding-top: 24px;
}
.journal-note h3 {
  margin-top: 19px;
  font-size: 1.75rem;
}
.journal-note blockquote {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  line-height: 1.95;
  padding-left: 15px;
  border-left: 1px solid var(--ink);
  margin-top: 22px;
}
.site-footer {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-top: 44px;
  padding-block: 22px 34px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--ink);
}
.footer-title {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}
.footer-title i {
  font:
    italic 1.25rem var(--serif);
  margin-inline: 4px;
}
.site-footer > p {
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding-top: 6px;
}
.site-footer > p > span {
  margin-inline: 5px;
}
@media (min-width: 760px) {
  .masthead,
  .issue-bar {
    max-width: 1080px;
    margin-inline: auto;
  }
  .masthead {
    min-height: 82px;
    padding-inline: 32px;
  }
  .wordmark {
    flex-basis: 168px;
  }
  .issue-number {
    padding-left: 32px;
  }
  .issue-nav a {
    min-width: 108px;
  }
  .menu-header .masthead,
  .menu-header .issue-bar {
    max-width: 1080px;
    width: 100%;
  }
  .menu-scroll {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1080px;
    margin-inline: auto;
    padding-inline: 32px;
  }
  .menu-index {
    padding-inline: 32px;
  }
  .menu-primary a {
    font-size: 1.75rem;
    min-height: 60px;
  }
  .site-header.is-scrolled .masthead {
    min-height: 68px;
  }
  .cover-figure > img {
    max-height: 500px;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
  }
  .cover-figure > figcaption {
    padding-inline: 32px;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }
  .lead-text {
    padding-top: 44px;
  }
  h1 {
    font-size: 3.25rem;
    line-height: 1.25;
    margin-top: 24px;
  }
  .standfirst {
    font-size: 1.875rem;
    margin-top: 30px;
  }
  .article-body {
    font-size: 1.1875rem;
  }
  .section {
    margin-top: 64px;
  }
  .news-item {
    padding-block: 30px;
  }
  .news-item h3 {
    font-size: 1.875rem;
  }
  .chart-story {
    padding: 30px;
  }
  .site-footer {
    margin-top: 64px;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 359px) {
  .masthead {
    padding-inline: 16px;
  }
  .issue-number {
    padding-left: 16px;
  }
  .issue-number > .issue-date {
    display: none;
  }
  .reading-column {
    width: calc(100% - 32px);
  }
  .cover-figure > figcaption {
    padding-inline: 16px;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    gap: 6px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
  }
  h1 {
    font-size: 2.125rem;
  }
  .standfirst {
    font-size: 1.375rem;
  }
  .article-meta {
    gap: 8px;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
  }
  .article-meta strong {
    margin-left: 2px;
  }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html {
    scroll-behavior: auto;
  }
  *,
  *::before,
  *::after {
    transition: none !important;
    animation: none !important;
  }
}

.menu-primary a,
.menu-secondary a,
.menu-index,
.issue-number,
.issue-nav a,
.article-meta,
.eyebrow,
.intro-label,
.story-end > .meta,
.site-footer > p {
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-weight: 300;
}
.menu-primary a { text-align: right; }
.menu-secondary a { text-align: right; }
.menu-primary a, .menu-secondary a { max-width: 100%; }
.menu-primary a[aria-current]::before { flex-shrink: 0; }
.menu-primary a > span, .menu-secondary a > span { min-width: 0; }
.masthead { gap: 12px; }
.issue-bar { flex-wrap: wrap; }
.issue-number { padding-right: 12px; }
.issue-nav { margin-left: auto; }
.article-meta, .item-footer, .story-end { flex-wrap: wrap; }
.item-footer > .meta { min-width: 0; }
.cover-figure > figcaption { flex-wrap: wrap; }
.section-more { gap: 14px; }
.energy-figure > figcaption { gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.energy-figure > figcaption > span:first-child { font: inherit; color: inherit; }
html:lang(en) .article-body { line-height: 1.75; }
html:lang(en) .menu-pick h2 { line-height: 1.25; }
html:lang(en) h3 { line-height: 1.3; }
@media (max-width: 420px) {
  .issue-number > .issue-date { display: none; }
  .issue-nav a { min-width: 0; padding-inline: 12px; }
  .header-actions { gap: 6px; }
}